How do GLP-1 medications work, and who are they for?
Semaglutide and tirzepatide are everywhere in the news. Here’s how this class of medicine works, who guidelines say may benefit, and what to watch for.
7 min read
Board-certified obesity medicine physician in Boynton Beach, Florida
Dr. Richard Kowalsky helps adults with obesity and weight-related conditions build a plan that works: nutrition, activity, behavior and, when it makes sense, modern medication.
Lasting results rarely come from one change. Your plan draws on four areas, weighted to what you need.
A way of eating that fits your culture, budget and medical needs, with enough protein and no forbidden foods list.
How it worksMovement prescribed like a medicine, starting where you are, protecting muscle and joints.
How it worksHabits, stress, sleep and emotional eating, addressed with practical, judgment-free tools.
How it worksFDA-approved anti-obesity medications when appropriate, plus a review of medicines that may add weight.
How it worksPick the sentence that sounds most like you. Each one goes straight to the answer that fits.
Five steps, each one a conversation. You always know what comes next.
Your history, your goals and your questions: weight over the years, what you’ve tried, medications, sleep, stress and what matters most to you.
Review of weight-related conditions, current medications that can affect weight, and recent labs. Additional tests are suggested only when they would change your care.
A plan across the four pillars, with realistic first steps. If medication is appropriate, you’ll talk through benefits, side effects and alternatives.
Regular check-ins to see what’s working, manage side effects and adjust. Guidelines suggest checking medication response and safety closely in the first months.[4]
A plan to protect your progress, because the body adapts to weight loss. Maintenance is part of the program, not an afterthought.[8]
Open a card to read what research and clinical guidelines actually say.
FactBody weight is regulated by hormones, brain signaling, genetics, sleep, stress, medications and environment. After weight loss, appetite hormones shift in ways that push weight back up, which is biology, not a lack of effort.
FactGuidelines recommend medications as an add-on to nutrition, activity and behavior support for adults who meet medical criteria. They treat a chronic disease, the same way blood pressure medicines do.
FactIn the STEP 1 extension, people who stopped semaglutide regained about two-thirds of the weight they had lost within a year. A maintenance plan matters whatever treatment you use.
FactLosing about 5 to 10% of body weight can improve blood sugar, blood pressure, cholesterol and other weight-related conditions. Health gains start well before any “goal weight”.
FactActivity helps most with health and with keeping weight off. A realistic, regular plan you can sustain is worth far more than an intense one you abandon.
FactGood care tracks what matters to you: energy, mobility, sleep, lab results, blood pressure, medications you may be able to reduce, and how you feel day to day.
Sources: Endocrine Society and AGA guidelines, the STEP 1 extension and the AACE/ACE obesity guidelines.[4][6][7]
Obesity care is layered. Most people start with the foundations; medication or a surgical referral is added when it’s medically appropriate. This overview is general, not a recommendation for you.
| Approach | What it involves | Often considered when | Key point |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intensive lifestyle program | Nutrition, physical activity and behavior support with regular follow-up | Every adult with overweight or obesity | Recommended for adults with a BMI of 30 or higher (USPSTF, grade B)[3] |
| Anti-obesity medication | FDA-approved medication added to the lifestyle plan, with monitoring | BMI of 30 or higher, or 27 or higher with a weight-related condition | Used long term, like other chronic disease medications[4][5] |
| Metabolic and bariatric surgery | Referral to a surgical program for evaluation | Higher BMI or serious weight-related conditions | Discussed when appropriate; Dr. Kowalsky’s care is non-surgical[7] |
| Maintenance care | Ongoing visits, habits and, for some, continued medication | After any weight loss | The body works to regain lost weight, so maintenance is planned[8] |
National data and landmark research put the numbers in perspective.
of US adults have obesity
CDC, NHANES 2021–2023of US adults have severe obesity
CDC, NHANES 2021–2023lower incidence of type 2 diabetes with a lifestyle program in people with prediabetes
Diabetes Prevention Program, NEJM 2002Statistics describe populations and study groups, not individual results.[1][2]
Richard Kowalsky, MD, is a physician certified by the American Board of Obesity Medicine, with more than five decades in medicine.
He earned his medical degree at Temple University School of Medicine in 1970 and is a Fellow of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Today his work is obesity medicine: evidence-based, respectful care for adults whose weight is affecting their health.
The idea behind Ask Dr. Richard is simple. Weight care goes better when people can ask anything and get a straight, evidence-based answer, in English or Spanish.
Weight is a sensitive, high-stakes topic. Every page follows the same editorial standards.
Every page is written and reviewed by Dr. Kowalsky, a Diplomate of the American Board of Obesity Medicine.
Statements follow Endocrine Society, AACE, AGA and USPSTF guidance and major clinical trials, cited on the page.
Medical pages show when they were last updated and are re-checked when guidance changes.
No paid placements, no product promotion, no pricing claims and no before-and-after promises.
People first, never defined by their weight. Obesity is discussed as the chronic disease it is, without blame.
Each answer says when to see a doctor and which symptoms need 911 or the emergency room.
You can check a Florida physician’s license and an obesity medicine diplomate’s board status yourself, at no cost.
Physicians in Florida are licensed by the Florida Board of Medicine through the Florida Department of Health, Division of Medical Quality Assurance.
Plain-language answers to the questions patients ask most, with every source cited.
Semaglutide and tirzepatide are everywhere in the news. Here’s how this class of medicine works, who guidelines say may benefit, and what to watch for.
7 min read
Regaining weight isn’t a personal failure. The body actively defends its previous weight. Here’s why, and what a real maintenance plan looks like.
6 min read
Calling obesity a disease changes the conversation: from blame to biology, and from quick fixes to long-term care. Here’s what that looks like in practice.
6 min read
Ask about a first visit, a medication you’ve heard about, or a plan that finally fits your life. Se habla español.